OSPF area types

For previous post about LSA types in OSPF...Click here lsa-types-in-ospf

OSPF area types:

1. Backbone area (area 0)
2. Standard area
3. Stub area
4. Totally stubby area
5. Not-so-stubby area (NSSA)

Note: The concept of Areas is to compress the LSA’s. so as to reduce the Traffic in Network.

     Let's begin by examining a standard area. Note that the backbone area is essentially a standard area which has been designated as the central point to which all other areas connect, so a discussion of standard area behavior largely applies to the backbone area as well.

Standard Areas:

LSA Types in OSPF

For previous post about DR and DBR in OSPF...Click here...dr-and-bdr-concepts-in-ospf

LSA Types in OSPF

OSPF relies on several types of Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to communicate link state information between neighbours. A brief review of the most applicable LSA types:

LSA Types:

• Type 1 - Represents a router
• Type 2 – Network LSA (who is my DR)
• Type 3 - A network link summary all ABR (internal route)
• Type 4 - Represents an ASBR (who is my ASBR)
• Type 5 - A route external to the OSPF domain
• Type 6 – Group membership Multicasting
• Type 7 - Used in stub areas in place of a type 5 LSA

DR and BDR Concepts in OSPF

For previous post about Neighbourship formation....Click here neighbour-formation-stages-in-ospf

àIn a network all the router will sends route updates to all other routers, so that the burden is very high on the network due to the routing updates traffic. 

      To solve this DR and BDR is introduced. So that all the routers will send route updates to these DR and BDR only

Ø  To reduce the FULL Neighbourships.

Ø  To reduce the CPU burden on devices.

Ø  To reduce the Bandwidth utilization.

So that all routers will make FULL Neighbourship with DR, while the other router will make up to 2-Way state neghbourship only.

Neighbour Formation Stages in OSPF

Previous post about OSPF... click here open-shortest-path-first.

Neighbour Formation Stages in OSPF

1. Down stage	It is attempt stage/ starting stage         This is the first OSPF neighbour state. It means that no information (hellos) has been received from this neighbour, but hello packets can still be sent to the neighbour in this state.
2. Init	This state specifies that the router has received a hello packet from its neighbour, but the receiving router's ID was not included in the hello packet. When a router receives a hello packet from a neighbour, it should list the sender's router ID in its hello packet as an acknowledgment that it received a valid hello packet.
3. 2-Way stage	This state designates that bi-directional communication has been established between two routers. Bi-directional means that each router has seen the other's hello packet.        At tilohe end of this stage, the DR and BDR for broadcast and non-broadcast multi-access networks are elected.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path first)

OSPF

• It is works on Dijkstra Algorithm
•  It is purely a classless protocol
• It supports only VLSM
• It is a 2-layer hierarchy
• Minimizing the routing updates traffic
•  With in the Area only all the information will send to all routers in that area (LSA)
• The ABR will send Auto summary information to the backbone area ( So burden will reduced on the main system)
• The Multi-cast address are

• 224.0.0.5 - All other routers will communicate through this Multicast address.
•  224.0.0.6 - All routers with DR router will communicate through this.
•  NOTE: DR and BDR will Understand both packets from 224.0.0.5/6

• Its AD value is 110
• Its protocol number is 89
• Metric is calculated by using “ BANDWIDTH”
•  Cost of path =  Reference Bandwidth/My outgoing link BW
•  Note: Reference BW in OSPF is 100 Mbps ( We can also change the Reference BW)
•  EX: Serial – 1.54 Mbps = 64 cost, Fast Ethernet - 100Mbps = cost 1, Ethernet – 10Mbps = cost 10

LDAP Configuration

Scenario:  Our aim is to configure the firewall such that all users should be authenticated through the LDAP server placed in our local network.

Step 1>

Configure the basic LAN and WAN settings on the Firewall.

Unified threat management

UTM features

To use UTM features you have to purchase the UTM license and apply it to your device

We first have to configure the basic LAN and WAN settings on the Firewall.

File blocking

1.      Go to UTMàAntivirusà click on Create New

2.      Give the name and then click OK,  then again click on Create New